Dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiome is associated with women's health, including but not limited to bacterial vaginosis, bacterial and viral sexually transmitted infections, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Biofilm formation is one of the key factors leading to persistent dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiome. Hence, a special issue focusing on biofilm formation of vaginal microbes would be beneficial for understanding the mechanisms by which these microorganisms induce diseases. There could be several specific aims related to the topic:

(1) Investigation of biofilm formation of dysbiosis-associated bacteria, e.g., Gardnerella vaginalis and Sneathia amnii.

(2) Interspecies interaction, e.g., antagonism between Lactobacillus and dysbiosis-associated bacteria and collaboration among dysbiosis-associated bacteria

(3) Associated microbes, and the impact of biofilm formation on human immune responses.

(4) Economic demands of various variants of the company's IS solution.(4) New genetic manipulation methods on human vaginal microbes and new animal, tissue or organoid model of the human female reproductive tract.